Art Review
Marna Goldstein Brauner and
Steve Feren at the Overture Center
Mount Horeb Mail
Know Your Neighbor
School Board Property Sale
Newsletter
Second Harvest Food Bank
Business Letter
Introducing new state regulations to Program Recipients
Community Living Alliance
Tutorial (requires Adobe Reader)
Create Floor plans in Flash
Step by step instructions for my client to create the Flash work they originally hired me to do.
Brochure: (requires Adobe Reader)
Web Design
Michele Kraft Works
Brochure:
Worker Recruitment
Community Living Alliance
Book Introduction:
Brackish Water Fishes (buy)
published by TFH 2007
Review:
Mark Lombardi “Global Networks”
at the Milwaukee Museum of Art
Back to Clips
The Past. Now in His and Hers.
Marna Goldstein Brauner and
Steve Feren at the Overture Center
view as word .doc
By Michele Kraft
As if diagramming differences between men and women, the work of two Wisconsin artists now showing at the Wisconsin Academy’s James Watrous Gallery at the Overture Center smartly contrast feminine and masculine views of the past.
While both artists appropriate, work with transparency, and use limited color, their views of history, reflected in each artist's choice of materials, is evident. While Marna Goldstein Brauner goes for domestic themes and intimacy, Steve Feren looks at the accomplishments of humankind, even in his explorations of the human figure.
Director of the glass program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison since 1982, Steve Feren’s glasswork, or, as he calls them, “glass ‘paintings’ ” consist of layered, crisp images imbedded in glass. At once three dimensional and flat, their cool, slick surfaces sparkle, while holding the imagery back from us, distancing it, as if it were encased in shadowboxes. There is a reserve, a sly, cool quality inherent in the work, a characteristic not generally associated with the use of historic imagery. Devoid of sepia tone, the details of the images are alive in sharp, black clarity, matched with vivid transparent colors, which combine to re-vision history with modern eyes. We are brought, as we are today, into the past with these images, not gazing down a time tunnel into days of yore. There is a feeling of immortality to the work, a connectedness that transcends our every-day reality.
Marna Goldstein Brauner, professor of visual art at UW Milwaukee, also incorporates historical imagery, primarily in the form of found objects. Her palette, mainly ivory and red, echoes the inner sanctum of femininity. Goldstein Brauner shows us a dream-like memory of domestic life, of womanly interiors. Collecting and re-purposing transparent organdie, a stiff fabric, and cast ivoroid, a faux ivory, along with other antique artifacts, Goldstein Brauner combines these, and in some works, adds screened photos of graveyard busts and Victorian silhouettes. The past remains in the past, just out of reach. Yet hers is not the fragile feminine past of the fainting couch. Goldstein Brauner’s dream hovers near the nightmare zone of teeth and crutches, restraint and death.
Overture Center for the Arts James Watrous Gallery
until September 14
Notes on the Interior by Steve Feren

Ivoroid & Organdie by Marna Goldstein Brauner

Photos by Michele Kraft
Top ^
Mount Horeb Mail June 19, 2008
Know Your Neighbor: Listening for Improvements
Burns advocates for coverage of cochlear implants
As an infant with very poor hearing, Mount Horeb’s Carol Burns’ family first tried to ignore or explain away her hearing difficulties.
”We think I was probably born with a hearing loss, but it was progressive from birth.” said Burns, who grew up in Rockford, Illinois. “My mother first suspected it when I was about two. She would go to the family and say, ‘I don’t think Carol can hear.’ Everyone would say, ‘Oh, she’s just not paying attention.’ Actually, my grandfather would get mad at her for even suggesting that there was something wrong with me.”
After Burns’ diagnosis of nerve deafness at age four, her mother, a nurse, refused to accept that nothing could be done. On the advice of a specialist in Chicago, they tried a hearing aid.
What they didn’t know then was that critical auditory brain function develops when children are young, and without stimulation, the part of the brain that processes sound doesn’t grow. Burns’ parent’s insistence on providing her with a hearing aid, and encouraging her to be interested in sound and music proved to be invaluable later in her life. She’d laid the groundwork for successful cochlear implants.
When Burns was ready to go into first grade, she was evaluated for enrolment in the Freeman School in Rockford, IL, where she was living at the time. Children who were different in any way were generally sent to special schools Like Freeman, where they would be taught among other children with special needs, whether the children were learning disabled or had physical disabilities. This separation would begin a life-long trend for these children, one that emphasized what made them different, setting up a feeling of social awkwardness that for many would become more of a problem than their disability. For Burns, this would have meant an entirely different life, and different expectations about her adult life and productivity.
Her parents decided to push for her to be accepted in the local school system and won, showing the young Burns not to accept imposed limitations. This would affect the rest of her life.
After her education, she went on to work in the private sector, and eventually became the office manager at a small accounting firm. From there she went on to work for the state, and became increasingly involved in groups for the hearing impaired. By that time, she was completely deaf.
In 1985, she joined a group called Self Help for Hard of Hearing People and helped found a chapter in Madison. Now known as Hearing Loss Association of America, Burns began attending conferences and, for the first time, met in a gathering of over a thousand people facing the same challenges as her.
“You find out these feelings you have are normal,” Ms. Burns said, “and it was the first time I had gone to a large scale event where all of my listening needs were met.”
She began to find out about adaptive aids and the new technology of cochlear implants. After evaluating the progress of friends who had had the procedure, Burns had her first cochlear implant in 1995.
Cochlear implants directly stimulate any functioning auditory nerves inside the cochlea, a part of the inner ear, with electrical impulses, enabling the ear to function.
The surgery radically changed her life, restoring her hearing to levels she had not had since she was a baby. After her brain adjusted and begin to process sound, the implant gave her hearing abilities she never had before in her life.
Burns could have applied for disability benefits and quit working so Medicaid would pay for the implant. Driven to stay involved and active, she decided to pay for the device and procedure out of pocket and continue work for change.
“Once I realized the incredible benefit of this technology, it became my mission in life to change the insurance situation at work,” Burns said. “At that time, I was serving several governors’ appointments, and through the contacts I would make, I could use my position to network with these individuals. I’d tell everyone I knew who might have influence with this particular injustice.”
Doors opened for Ms. Burns beyond what she had been able to accomplish for herself as a woman with severe hearing loss. After her first implant, she quickly advanced three pay grades within the state and received the governor’s appointments, which gave her access to people in power.
”I was relentless, positive, educating them, always telling them what the benefits were and why this was so important, why it was so wrong that they were refusing to cover it. If I were a person who were diabetic and had to have a limb amputated because of my condition, there would be absolutely no question that I would receive a prosthetic leg. There would be no question if a baby was born with a cleft palette, we would fix it. It just seems to me so wrong, it’s a hearing prosthesis, replacing that organ that’s not functioning.”
After years of advocating, in the spring of 2002 Ms. Burns got a call from her contact at the Employee Trust Fund. She’d been educating them particularly about the benefits for children; the earlier they have an implant, the better the result. He was beginning understand. He was ready to take it to the board.
In 2003, the state employee health insurance plan began to cover cochlear implants and hearing aids, the same year Burns received her second implant.
But she’s not finished yet. She has taken the discussion to the legislature, asking to mandate insurance coverage for hearing aids and cochlear implants in Wisconsin’s private health insurance plans. Though the bill died in committee the first time, it will be reintroduced in 2009.
And when it does, Burns will be there, working to hear an affirmative vote.
Top ^
Mount Horeb Mail, June 19, 2008
School Board looking to sell two unneeded properties
After listing the property in area newspapers for a month, the Mount Horeb Area School District hopes to sell the building and land at 8900 Ridgeview Road this summer.
“Last August, at our annual meeting, we asked for and got permission from the public to sell the old bus barn and Ridgeview,” said Jeff Hanna, School Board Clerk and Buildings, Grounds, Insurance and Transportation Committee Chair. “If we were to keep Ridgeview as an operating school, we’d put more money into it than what it’s assessed at. It’s currently assessed at just short of $400,000 and the last numbers we had were well over a million dollars to get it upgraded, to keep it a school.”
Hearts and Hands Children’s Center has been renting the property for nearly four years and have been asking to purchase the property from the district for the last two years. While they are not the only party interested in purchasing, they are one of the front-runners in the bidding process.
School Board Superintendent Dr. Wayne Anderson said that, for a long time, the board has not been interested in selling. They did not know what their use for that building and the land might be in the future. With the cost of renovations to the building exceeding the assessed value, the property’s location outside of town sewer and water services and the availability of parties interested in purchasing it, Anderson said the board decided that now was the time to act.
“We have had offers from Hearts and Hands to purchase the building at an amount that greatly exceeds the assessed value,” Anderson said. “The board would not sell the property for the assessed value; it’s worth far more to us than that.”
Anderson stated that the property does not fit into any of the projected school district plans for the next 20 years. Selling Ridgeview and the former bus garage would generate income and return the properties to the tax rolls.
“When the district sells anything that belongs to it, we want to get the most money for it. We’re looking at our cash return.” Anderson said. “The same thing is true with Ridgeview and the bus garage. An individual I showed the bus garage to asked if the board would take into consideration what it’s used for. They’re not going to discount it $50,000 or a $100.000 because you’re going to use it for [a specific] activity. What we’re looking for is what is the greatest investment return that we can get.”
The district is not working with a realtor on the project to save on fees.
“If you take a realtor’s portion of what the sale is, especially a commercial property, the board would have to ask for a lot more money to get the same amount of money that it’s going to get without the realtor,” Anderson said. “It didn’t make sense to do that to get to the same place we’re already at.”
In a 51-page report of the appraisal conducted of the site for the School Board by J.C. Ferrill Company, three different methods were used to ascertain a value: Cost Approach, Sales Comparison Approach and Income Approach. Each of these estimates, taken together, concluded that the property’s value was $300,000, or $100,000 less than the assessed value. The appraisal was conducted in November of 2003.
Realtors typically use the Sales Comparison Approach when setting a price for properties listed with the Multiple Listing Service or MLS, though other factors may be involved.
“To sell something like that in 30 days, that’s a fire sale.” said Don Bender, of Bender and Associates Realty in Mount Horeb. “That’s not trying to get the most out of that property. It should be marketed correctly and given six months to a year to get the job done.”
Bender said he recalled a variety of businesses have looked at the property and a number of them had not been allowed because of Village Comprehensive Plan land use issues. A commercial real estate agent could analyze the land use plan to determine the best businesses for that property and pursue them.
“Otherwise, I’m afraid we’re leaving a lot of money on the table,” Bender said. “I’m not the guy for the job; it would be in the best interests for everybody if the School Board would go out and get somebody who’s not in the school district to market that property. Then there’s no question that it was done correctly, that there’s no insider deal going on.”
Though transactions conducted by realtors typically return a six percent commission to agents involved in the sale of a property, Bender stated that real estate commissions are a negotiable part of the contract.
The decision to accept a bid and sell the property or to wait for a better offer will be made at the first school board meeting in July, scheduled for Monday, July 7.
“We can take all bids, review them, and accept one or reject them all,” Hanna said.
Top ^
Business Letter
Introducing new state regulations to program recipients
Community Living Alliance
When State programs change, recipients of disability benefits must be informed in a way that neither frightens nor intimidates. I wrote the following letter and accompanying question card that introduced a new state process to the members of the organization that administers services to people with disabilities.
Date
Member Name
Address
City, State ZIP
Dear Member Name:
The Bureau of Long Term Support and CLA are gradually improving the way services are provided. The new method is called Outcome Based Planning, or Outcomes for short.
Outcome Based Planning only changes the way we talk about and identify your needs. Everyone is different. Outcomes looks closely at what you want for yourself and provides a process of discussion that supports your needs through paid services and support from your community. Outcomes is not designed to take services away from you.
I’ll be meeting with you soon to talk about what is important to you in your life and what your goals are for the future. I’ve enclosed some questions that we’ll be going over together that will help us both understand what your Outcomes are. These questions are designed to help us talk together. Your answers will give me a good understanding of what you really want and need in your life so we can find ways to keep things going well for you now and in the future.
It will really help us both if you will put some time into thinking about these questions before we meet. Your answers can be very long and detailed, and in fact, it’s better if they are! You don’t have to write them down.
While Outcomes is a new way of looking at member centered planning, it’s still the same self-directed planning you’re accustomed to. That important part is not changing. I’ll be calling you soon to set up your Annual Review meeting, but please call me before then if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
Service Coordinator Name
Title
Enclosure
I designed the following questions to generate an open discussion between the member and their service coordinator. So many times people with disabilities have their physical needs met but their emotional needs, such as companionship, go un addressed, and of course this adversely effects their health and well being. Often people don't realize what's missing from their lives until they're asked to talk about themselves.
Outcomes
To prepare for our Outcomes discussion, please read through these questions a few times and give them some thought.
- When I can, I really like to _____________________.
- _______________ is important to me about my living situation.
- The things I’m afraid of losing are ______________________.
- Sometimes I enjoy spending my day doing _____________.
- The services on my plan help me to __________________.
- Other people say I should __________. What I really want is _____________ because __________________.
- __________________ makes me feel happy and fulfilled.
- My goals for the future are____________________.

Top ^
Second Harvest Food Bank
Agency Notes Newsletter
Gina Wilson, Director of Agency Relations at Second Harvest Food Bank says, "This piece is beautiful, but then your writing conveys not only the facts but the heart of what we do. Since you've been writing our newsletter, it's become much easier and more fun for our agencies to read."
Distribution Center Dedicated October 18th.
With nearly 250 people in attendance, the dedication of the new distribution center was a day to be remembered. Speakers included First Lady Jessica Doyle and Barbara McKinney, who represented agency partners as well as the spirit of her belated son, Mike. To Barbara’s surprise and our delight, the expanded warehouse was dedicated as the Mike McKinney Distribution Center. As Executive Director Bob Mohelnitzky said in his presentation, “As most of you know, Mike founded the NBC15 Share Your Holidays campaign. The campaign over the past 11 years has provided over 13 million meals to people in southern WI. When Mike died in 2006, it was a great loss. Barbara lost a son and we all lost a friend. Mike meant a lot to us.”
Following the dedication and ribbon cutting, keynote speaker John Arnold gave an inspiring and educational keynote covering many new techniques he discovered in his research with Michigan State University. You may be surprised by some of the findings! E-mail Jenny at jennyd@shfbmadison.org for copies of the handouts.
We hope you’ll have a look around the new facility on your next shopping visit, and notice the sign for the Mike McKinney Distribution Center, generously donated by Badger Signs.
Pre-Order System Comes to
the Second Harvest Foodbank!
Second in a series
Feedback is so important to us, and our October 18th agency conference showed us once again how helpful it is to listen. Based on what you told us during the “Placing Your Order” workshop, we’ve made a few changes to our plans for the new system. The biggest change involves our assorted items. While agency shoppers must pre-order all case items and make an appointment to pick them up, they will be able to stop by during regular warehouse hours to shop from these categories on site: Assorted Dry, Assorted Cooler, Assorted Freezer, Bakery, Produce, Health and Beauty, Janitorial, and Non-Food.
March 2008 is still our target date for the new system roll-out. Spring will be here before we know it, so watch for more details in the coming months!
SHARE YOUR HOLIDAYS
We still need your help! NBC15’s Share Your Holidays to Eliminate Hunger is already off to a brisk start. The Take a Bite out of Hunger and Stuff a Semi events have already raised 52,000 meals, and we’re excited to see how the community turns out in support of this year’s remaining events.
There is still plenty of time to spread the word and pitch in to make this year’s event the best ever.
Nov. 2-10: Check Out Hunger by making a donation when you pay for groceries at Copps Food Centers, Pick ’n Save, and Metcalfe’s Sentry Foods
Nov 19: Kick-Off Lunch at Alliant Energy Exhibition Hall. Call 608-223-9121 x105 to save your spot!
Nov 19-Dec 5: Business and School Food/ Fund Drive
Nov 20: Drive Up Food/Fund Drive at Pick ’n Save in Janesville
Dec 6: Grand Finale: Drop off food and funds at the Alliant Energy Exhibition Hall from 6:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. during a live telethon and huge
sorting event.
During the holidays, people are often looking for ways to help their neighbors, and our drives are easy for folks to participate in. Please tell your social clubs,
co-workers, family, local businesses and schools about our events. Send them to our website,
www.secondharvestmadison.org or call the Food bank, 608-223-9121. For food drives, contact Kate Creps at x112. For other information about Share Your Holidays, contact Kristen Durst at x104.
Archive at Second Harvest Foodbank

Top ^
Brochure:
Worker Recruitment
Community Living Alliance
Writing to the reader is the underlying thrust of my writing style. Rather than describing the people and the company the worker will be employed by, as had been the case in the past, I changed the emphasis to the potential worker, the person who is meant to read this brochure. As always, I started by asking what the reader wants to know, not what the company wants to say. That information gets in there too, but it comes from the perspective of the audience, the reader, not the company. This effectively engages the reader, and that's what needs to happen for the reader to internalize the message.
Make money, make a difference!
Are you a people-person? Do you want to make a difference in someone's life and get paid for it?
When you work for Community Living Alliance’s Members as a Personal Living Assistant, you won’t need experience to start, just physical fitness and the will to learn. You’ll gain on-the-job training in a variety of areas while working with the disabled in a
home environment. With a wide variety of shifts and employers, there’s always work available. Busy people with unusual schedules can find an employer through Community Living Alliance. Make a difference for yourself as you learn valuable skills; make a difference for other people as you care for them. Become a Personal Living Assistant.
What does a Personal Living Assistant do?
As a PLA, you’ll find variety in your day as you directly impact the well being of the person you work for. All of our Members are disabled, but each has different needs. Some want assistance with shopping, transportation and companionship, while others require every type of personal care. You decide who to work for, and how many people you wish to work for. A wide variety of shifts are available. Help Susan start her day early in the morning, or stay with Fred through the night, making sure someone’s there if he needs help. Assist Tony with range of motion exercises and help him get to bed. Housekeep for Frida twice a week and help her make meals. These are the kinds of things you’ll be doing as a Personal Living Assistant. You’ll feel good about the work you do: helping the disabled live independent lives in their own homes.
It’s All About Independence
Independence for you- you’ll never be told who you must work for. You choose which members to interview with. You’re an independent contractor, so you’re in control. Just like every job, you’ve got to commit to doing the work and adhering to a schedule, but in doing so, you’re giving the gift of independence to a disabled person and getting paid for it too. Rates of pay vary between employers and are specific to the type of work you’ll be doing.
About Community Living Alliance
Community Living Alliance, or CLA, is a community based non-profit organization that provides resources for people with physical disabilities. Created by Access to Independence, an independent living center, CLA creates support networks for the disabled, allowing them to lead independent lives, have choice in how their care is managed, and retain the dignity that many people take for granted. CLA was created by, and is governed by, people with disabilities. Most of our members would have been trapped in nursing homes their whole lives, or be reliant upon the constant support of family were it not for programs like Community Living Alliance. CLA needs people just like you to continue providing personal, daily care to its members.

Top ^
Introduction to Brackish Water Fishes (buy)
Published by TFH
Brackish Water Fishes
Introduction
Brackish water enthusiasts tend to be mavericks. We love the different.
We don’t depend entirely upon what we’re told at
the Live Fish Store; preferring to look, muse, and research things
ourselves. Gleaning information from books and the internet,
we compile our data and sometimes, if we’re lucky enough
to find like minds, conspire and co educate. Recently, more usable
information is available for fish keepers in general, thanks
in large part to the wonder of the World Wide Web. It seems
the Brackish Movement is gaining in popularity. The Live Fish
Stores I visit now have at least one aquarium devoted to brackish
water. I blame the puffer fish for this rise in popularity; it
was this cutie, er, rather, this interesting carnivore that turned
me to the brackish side. She made me do it.
She was cute. Undeniably cute. Hovering like a rotund humming bird,
she had inquisitive, independently operating iridescent blue eyes
and the whisper of a smile surrounding nubby teeth. I had to have
her. But she was a brackish fish; she was from the wrong side of
the aquarium tracks. She was no good for me. And, I thought, there
just isn’t enough variety in the brackish aquarium
category to keep my interest up. Wrong. I was oh so wrong. I went
home that day and started poking around on line, only to find that
some of the fish I’m most fond of just happen to be brackish.
It’s a big small world. After I found a home for my immense
apple snail, the remaining of inhabitants in my 20-gallon aquarium
were, in fact, brackish fish. I bought my first bag of marine salt
and have not looked back.
Like me, aquarists who find out The Brackish
Secret on their own have had difficult time getting reliable information
on the topic due to the short supply of reference materials and
knowledgeable brackish enthusiasts at the LFS. In this book, we
hope to dissolve the mystery surrounding this specialized but fun
and interesting area of the aquarium hobby.
What is Brackish Water, and Why Would I Want an Aquarium
Full of it?
Brackish water. For some, the word brings
images of sodden swamps, greasy black water, and a pungent smell
of rotting vegetation. Those people unfamiliar with the word often
ask, “Can fish actually live in brackish water?” believing
it means polluted or stagnant. Brackish water is simply freshwater
and seawater mixed together. Every place in the world where a river
meets the sea the water is brackish. Brackish water teems with
life, as it is home to many independently developed evolutionary
niches, all filled with interesting species.
Unfortunately, you will not find representatives
from every brackish water body in the world at your local LFS,
but there is quite a diverse selection available. It is a sad fact
that many species commonly kept as fresh water fish are native
to a brackish environment. If only people knew. Some brackish species,
such as mollies, have developed a reputation for being prone to
ich. Commonly kept in fresh water community tanks, it is not surprising
they are prone to disease. Fresh water alone probably won’t
kill mollies, but this is not the best environment for them. Mollies
need a bit of the sea- a brackish fish in a freshwater aquarium
is not having its needs met, and so it is susceptible to disease.
So what are these crazy brackish fish
anyway? As we’ll divulge in this book, brackish water fish
are members of many families. The catfish, cichlids, eels, gobies,
guppies, mollies, mudskippers, rainbow fish families all have brackish
species. For those of you near the seacoast, the list includes
all of the fish native to your estuary. Be sure to check local
ordinances before collecting native species; you might be surprised
to find it’s illegal to keep indigenous fish as pets. Importantly,
not all members of the above-mentioned groups are from brackish
environments, for example, not all cichlids are brackish water
fish, but there are cichlids, such as the popular and beautiful
Kribensis (Pelviachromis spp.) that are brackish.
(Photo of Pelviachromis pair)
This is the most difficult part of the
brackish hobby: determining what species you can have and which
you can’t. Even most experienced saltwater experts, respected
amongst aquarists as having a great depth of most skill and expertise,
know little or nothing about brackish water species. Many reference
books don’t mention brackish species at all, or if they do,
only note the usual ‘archers and puffers and scats’.
Oh my. We fish keepers take responsibility for educating ourselves;
in the brackish hobby, the additional appeal is in looking beyond
the scats and discovering the many appealing creatures that thrive
in brackish water. We will discuss the species commonly available;
describe where they are from and what is required to keep them.
Everything besides the salinity, including pH and temperature requirements,
is just like keeping a fresh water aquarium. If you’ve mastered
fresh water, brackish is a piece of cake. That is the Brackish
Secret.
Where Brackish Water Occurs
From the Arctic to the Antarctic, there are
multitudes of coastal habitats where the ocean meets fresh water.
As important to humans as to aquatic species, brackish water bodies
are home to some of the most important cities in the world; in
the USA alone some examples are New York City, San Francisco and
Washington D.C. The growth and importance of these sites to humans
developed out of their importance in trade, where they connected
seafaring vessels to inland waterways within the shelter of calmer
water. Though inland waterways are not the thriving highway they
once were, the importance of these crossroad cities remains. As
is true of most species in the aquarium trade, brackish fish are
collected from tropic and sub tropic zones around the world.
Growing up in Maryland, on the eastern seaboard
of the USA, I was fortunate to have experienced the diversity of
life found in the Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake is the largest
body of brackish water in the United States, and, like all estuaries,
supports a wide variety of unique species, as well as serving as
a nursery for many marine fishes. Unfortunately, we come in to
contact with non-tropical brackish species more often as food than
as pets. These cold-water species are as interesting as their warm
water cousins are, and share many adaptations with them. Among
these traits is the ability to tolerate frequent but gradual changes
in salinity, as the very nature of their habitat causes slight
changes in salinity hour by hour. The sea tends to push itself
into the mouths of rivers, and erosion over time creates large,
shallow, bodies of water where the two forces of fresh and marine
water join. As the sea's tide goes in and out, so the salt content
rises and falls. The outgoing sea tide relieves the pressure felt
by the fresh water entering the bay, so more fresh water fills
the basin. High tide pushes against the fresh water flow and forces
its way inland. Large amounts of rain and the resulting high water
in rivers and streams leading to the estuary causes salinity to
drop throughout the system. Drought conditions cause the salinity
to rise, as there is not as much fresh water to push against the
seawater. Species will move to the salinity they prefer, especially
when breeding. I saw this myself during occasional hot, dry, summers
on the Chesapeake, when it would seem the bay emptied of fish entirely.
Now I know they were all there, just further up river or deeper
in the channels than under normal conditions.
Natural fluctuations in salinity are important
in understanding the basics of your brackish water aquarium. The
first question asked by freshwater fish keepers usually regards
the regulation of salt. Most people assume, as with marine aquariums,
salinity will be under very rigid control. While it is true that
changes in your aquarium should always be gradual, it is actually
beneficial to vary the salinity. The fish you keep will have specific
needs that must be taken in to account, for example, some species
enjoy only mildly brackish water, while others can accept anything
from mild to full marine. Generally, there is flexibility in the
parameters, as long as the optimum conditions for your species
are the norm. As an added bonus, salinity changes help extinguish
parasites, as they are commonly adapted to either fresh or marine
conditions; a shift too far either way will kill them off.
Planning and Implementation
The first thing you’ll have to do is
determine what kind of brackish fish you want to keep. This is
one of the most difficult tests of the aquarium hobby: the skills
of planning and waiting. As all aquarists know, you can’t
buy the fish that are pretty and expect everything to go fine-
of course, the same is true in brackish water. The habits of the
fish you focus on will determine the filtration, lighting and substrate
parameters for your tank. Though guppies will do well in a formerly
freshwater tank with added sea salt, many popular brackish fish
are hungry “sloppy” carnivores and thus require much
better filtration than a typical community tank set up. Research
the fish you plan to keep, know their eating habits and plan your
filtration accordingly, just as you would for a fresh water aquarium.
It is best to “plan for the worst” and provide more
than adequate filtration.
Understanding Salt
Brackish water is seawater mixed with fresh
water. It is imperative that you use packaged marine aquarium salts
in your brackish aquarium. Any other kind of salt does not have
the complex variety of compounds found in the natural environment
of your fish. You will not be making a brackish aquarium if you
do not use marine salt, you will be creating a brine. This is fine
if you are planning to cook your fish, but not for a life sustaining
habitat.
How Much Salt? What is SG?
The most common bad advice I see regarding brackish water is to
add a number of tablespoons of salt per gallon. While these formulae
sound appealing because they are easy, they are not to be trusted!
Salt comes in many shapes and does not measure accurately by the
spoonful. For example, if you measured a pail full of limestone
sand and a pail full of limestone rock, the pail of sand would
weigh more than the pail of rock because there is more limestone
in the pail of sand. If the sand is a little damp, it will be even
heavier. The same is true for salt; the grains can be many different
sizes and the relative humidity affects the size and weight. The
only way to know how much salt to use is to check the density of
the water after you add the salt. Sorry! I know that makes things
appear a bit more challenging, but it is not that difficult. Purchase
a hydrometer. There are two kinds on the market: Floating and Swing
Arm. The floating hydrometer usually has a thermometer inside,
so its dual function may look tempting. These are usually less
expensive as well, doubling the temptation. You can get away with
a floater, I did for years, but when I finally bought a swing arm
I realized how much easier they are to use as well as being more
accurate. You won’t accidentally break it while you’re
doing a water change either.
(photo of floating type and swing arm hygrometers)
In any case, make certain the readings include levels of at least
1.000 to 1.025. Presto! See? It’s not difficult at
all. Now let’s examine what the numbers mean.
The SG number describes how heavy a liter
of water is. Freshwater with no salt in it weighs one kilogram
and has a density of 1.000; a liter of seawater weighs 1.025 kilograms
has a density of 1.025. Brackish water is everywhere in between. We
are describing the weight of the water, also known as the specific
gravity. You’ll want the SG specific to the species you’re
keeping. Now you can guess about how much that tank of yours weighs
when it’s full of water!
Now that you understand what the numbers are for, it is very important
to know you must always fully dissolve the salts before adding
them to any aquarium with life in it. Furthermore, always make
changes in SG very gradually.
Introducing New Fish
When bringing new fish into your aquarium, you must slowly
introduce them to the brackish water, particularly if they have
been in fresh water at the LFS. Use a timer. Float the bag for
about 15 minutes as you usually would to reach equalize its water
temperature to the aquarium’s water temperature. Remove a
small amount of water from the bag, reserving this in a large cup
or bowl, and add an equal amount of water from your aquarium. Repeat
every 15 to 20 minutes until the amount of water in the cup is
more than the amount of water in the bag. Here is where the swing
arm hygrometer would be more useful than the floating type, it
is hard to get a good reading in a bag, and it alarms the fish
of course. Release the fish and observe the tank for a time to
be sure there are no violent reactions. Turning off the lights
prior to beginning the acclimation process is usually a good idea,
as it calms the current tank inhabitants.
An important tip for those of you not familiar with the sea and
its ways… keep metal away from salty water! Metal rusts
much faster when exposed to salt, so always use glass and plastic
in and around your aquarium. If you don’t already have a
bucket dedicated to aquarium use, you will need to acquire at least
one to dissolve salt in before adding it to your tank. This item
will come in handy time and again, rest assured. It’s a good
idea to dissolve your salts before you begin a water change; it
can take some time, so I try to get this going either the night
before or early in the day when I know I’ll be changing the
water. The easiest way accomplish this is to simply let the water
and salt sit in the bucket with an air stone in it. My method is
to use two large buckets, one with high amounts of salt in it,
and one with fresh water. To achieve the proper SG, I add the dissolved
salt water and then I add that to the tank. In time, you’ll
be able to judge about how much you’ll need for a typical
water change. To replace water lost by normal evaporation, use
freshwater to maintain the SG. Salt will not evaporate with the
water and the SG will rise ever so slightly, as there is less water
in your aquarium to mix with the salt already present. To raise
the SG even further, store leftover brackish water and top off
your tank with it as evaporation makes room for it. Lower the SG
by siphoning off small amounts of water and replacing it with freshwater.
It is that simple.
It is my hope that our group’s enthusiasm for brackish water fish
will spread, as more information is available on the topic. I look forward
to the day when I walk in to my local LFS and see mollies on display in a brackish
set up, or perhaps a nice mudskipper soiree, or even just some guppies in a
brackish tank.
Now on to more specific information from our experts…
Top ^
|